关于性暴力的问题我们问了问她「关于性暴力的问题我们问了问她」

性暴力持续困扰着这个世界，但公众对这个问题的认识仍然不够。

在亚太国家和地区，性暴力的发生率从日本和菲律宾的15%到巴布亚新几内亚的68%不等。这种暴力并不局限于生理上的伤害——根据联合国人口基金的数据，在中国，38%的女性报告说经历过来自伴侣的精神暴力。

在世界各地，性暴力——包括强奸、儿童性侵犯和乱伦、性骚扰、性剥削和不当的性触摸——每天都在发生。在包括美国在内的许多国家，每年都有数百万人受到性暴力的影响。

事实上，不论性别、年龄、种族或职业，任何人都可能成为性暴力的受害者。在社会不平等现象突出、贫困人口较多的地方，弱势群体更易遭受性暴力。除了工作场所的性骚扰和众所周知的校园性别暴力外，互联网的兴起还催生了新的性侵害形式。

Sexual violence continues to plague countries around the world, yet public awareness of the issue remains low. The UN instituted 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence Campaign to illustrate that such violence permeates all levels of society and solutions require community efforts. The theme this year was "Orange the World: Fund, Respond, Prevent, Collect."

In Asia-Pacific countries and regions, the prevalence of sexual violence can range from 15 percent in Japan and the Philippines to 68 percent in Papua New Guinea. Such violence isn't limited to physical beatings – in China, 38 percent of women report experiencing psychological violence from their partners, according to the UN Population Fund.

Around the world, sexual violence – including rape, child sexual assault and incest, sexual harassment, sexual exploitation and unwanted sexual touching – is an everyday occurrence. In many nations, including the U.S., millions of people are affected by sexual violence each year.

Anyone can fall victim, regardless of gender, age, race or profession. In places where social inequality and poverty are rampant, vulnerable groups are more prone to such violence. Besides sexual harassment in the workplace and school-related gender-based violence that are commonly known, the rise of the internet is fueling new forms of sexual offenses.

To better understand the roots and patterns of sexual violence, as well as how organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) are tackling the issue, CGTN's Wang Xiaonan (CGTN) talked to Zuleyka Piniella (Piniella), the committee's regional sexual violence adviser for Asia and the Pacific.

CGTN：亚太地区的性暴力现状如何？这一问题的解决是否取得了进展？

“性暴力在发生；会影响到妇女、女童、男性、男童；影响到受害者本人、其亲属乃至整个社区。然而，我们却只能看到问题的冰山一角，因为绝大多数受害者都选择保持沉默；家属希望保守秘密，而社会又未能提供足够的支持，帮助受害者从创伤中恢复。”——苏莱卡·皮涅利亚

Piniella: It is for a reason that sexual violence is called an invisible phenomenon: It happens; it affects women, girls, boys and men; it affects the victims, their families, their loved ones and whole communities. However, we only get to see the tip of the iceberg because the vast majority of victims won't report; their families would prefer to keep it secret, and society does not offer enough support for victims to recover from such a traumatic experience. This happens in Asia-Pacific countries and in the rest of the world.

Progress has been made in addressing sexual violence. In East Asia, as in many other regions, we saw during the early stages of COVID-19 that the spike of sexual and gender-based violence was a shadow pandemic. The fact that this social consequence of COVID-19 was publicly acknowledged almost since the establishment of COVID-19 preventive measures is a sign of progress, a good step in the right direction that demonstrates the need for – and calls for – the realization of more services for victims and better access to them.

The region is also seeing different commitments at national level towards multilateral agendas, including efforts to implement regulatory frameworks to prevent and respond to sexual violence, including international humanitarian law.

CGTN：根据你的经验，什么样的法律或社会保护措施能够有效地帮助性暴力受害者？

“一个国家的法律要对所有性暴力受害者一视同仁，不因性别、年龄、法律地位或民族而加以歧视，这一点至关重要。在法制体系健全的情况下，我们还需要营造支持性社会环境，避免受害者受到指责。”——苏莱卡·皮涅利亚

Piniella: It is of utmost importance that national laws recognize all victims of sexual violence without discrimination in relation to the sex, age, legal status or ethnicity of the victims. Accompanying an adequate legal system, we need a supportive social environment that avoids blaming the victim. Sexual violence is never the victim's fault but remains one of the few crimes in which the victim is too often blamed even by those who care about her or him. Families, friends, public authorities, community leaders, media, and individuals all have a role to play so victims can recognize themselves as such, seek the support they deserve and feel empowered to take the steps they consider necessary to recover from such a traumatic and life-threatening experience.

In combination with the law and a conducive social environment, we need quality services that help survivors overcome the multiple consequences of sexual violence: health, mental health and psychosocial support, shelter, legal counseling, and access to justice.

CGTN：提高公众的意识，改变他们的态度对解决这些问题大有帮助。我们如何应对指责性暴力受害者的人或机构？

“首先性暴力是一种犯罪，是根源于权利滥用的危害社会行为；其次指责者并不理解性暴力对受害者、社区和整个社会造成怎样的影响。预防是应对性暴力问题的关键。”

——苏莱卡·皮涅利亚

Piniella: Victim-blaming often stems from a lack of understanding of what sexual violence really is – a crime and a harmful social practice rooted in the abuse of power and how it affects its victims, communities and the whole society. Prevention is key in addressing sexual violence and that is why the ICRC engages in dialogue with all parties, stressing the international and domestic mechanisms to avoid sexual violence taking place in the first place. Voicing the story of survivors and their path towards recovery, full of challenges and successes, is also a powerful tool to create the openness and empathy survivors need and deserve.

CGTN：红十字国际委员会为应对性暴力采取了哪些有效的措施？哪些方法效果稍显逊色？

“基于问题的复杂性、禁忌性且受害者倾向保持沉默，应对性暴力需要我们共同努力。我们非常重视作为‘推动者’在营造支持性环境、防止性暴力和支持幸存者层面发挥的作用。”

——苏莱卡·皮涅利亚

Piniella: One key element that has proved to be fundamental in ICRC experience is our engagement with multiple actors at all levels: victims themselves, families and those providing services, community and religious leaders, media, police, military, armed groups, policymakers, other international organizations and community members in all of their diversity. The complexity, the taboo and silence around sexual violence call for a concerted effort, and we really care about our role as "enablers" in creating that supportive environment to prevent sexual violence and support survivors.

We also ensure that we have a network of agencies that we can refer victims to – so that they can receive healthcare, or mental health and psychosocial care, shelter, livelihoods support and access pathways towards justice and legal aid. We recognize that each victim/survivor knows best what they may need and what they are safe to access, and our approach is survivor-centered, which means we match the different needs that victims have and support them to choose how to deal with those. Initiatives that pay attention to only one of these diverse factors and needs, without weighing in the others, are not effective. Again, ending sexual violence is a concerted endeavor and we all need to play our part.

One strategy that we have found very effective for prevention and response to sexual violence is, amongst other reasons that we would provide cash, to provide cash to those who have either experienced sexual violence or who are at most risk. This supports a person to choose what they need and to discreetly access services.

CGTN：性暴力与一个国家的社会经济发展有什么联系吗？

“越来越多的证据表明，社会平等因素能够降低性暴力的总体发生率，例如在民众得到平等对待，或是获取经济、社会、政治及行政服务时不会遭受歧视的地方，情况就能有所改善。”——苏莱卡·皮涅利亚

Piniella: Sexual violence is a global phenomenon, present though not necessarily equally visible in each and every country in the world, regardless of the GDP. Similarly, gaps in domestic legal frameworks render certain groups of the population more vulnerable to sexual violence, like men who might not be considered as potential victims of rape under the law (when in reality they face it as an issue), or people forcibly displaced by conflict that fall in the trap of trafficking in persons. There is emerging evidence that social equality factors can lead to a decrease in overall prevalence, such as where people are treated equally or have non-discriminatory access to economic, social, political and civil services.

In conflict settings, the absence of the rule of law, the deterioration of the social fabric and the potential use of sexual violence as a method of warfare increase the likelihood of sexual violence occurring.