浙江慈孝堂是正规的吗「科普成果|汉英对照浙江慈孝故事集②」

一、孟郊与《游子吟》

孟郊画像 （图片来源网络）

湖州德清除了有著名的莫干山，还有一座孟郊祠。虽然这座1998年重建的建筑物本身没那么古香古色，但是该祠的历史非常悠久，祠中纪念的名人是唐朝大诗人孟郊，在中国诗坛也绝对是重量级人物。一提起孟郊，几乎所有的学生都会吟诵那首《游子吟》：

慈母手中线，游子身上衣。

临行密密缝，意恐迟迟归。

谁言寸草心，报得三春晖？

孟郊作为诗人，为后世留下了500多首诗词；而他作为一名孝子，给中国社会和文化留下了重要的精神财富。根据史书记载，孟郊出生在书香门第，其祖父是写过“春眠不觉晓”的田园诗人孟浩然。但是孟郊父亲英年早逝，留下孟郊三兄弟，均由寡母拉扯成人。孟郊年少时已经颇有文采，在当地传说中，小孟郊聪明机智，曾以妙词巧对挖苦嘲讽腐败官员。但是满腹才华并不一定适合朝廷的选官标准，孟郊一直没有考取功名，因而郁郁不得志，曾一度隐居河南嵩山。幸而孟母一直对其支持鼓励，等到孟郊46岁的时候，终于中了进士，“春风得意”的诗人“一日看尽长安花”，立即匆匆赶回家乡，只想告慰在家等候消息的母亲。已经人到中年的他，早已尝尽背井离乡之苦，此时尤其思念家中亲人，特别感恩母亲对自己的期望和教诲，用饱含深情的文字写下了千古名句《游子吟》。后来，孟郊依母亲嘱咐，赴洛阳参加铨选，任江苏溧阳县尉。他当官后的第一件事便是将老母亲从家乡接来，亲自养亲。

孟郊是孟子后人，其祖上还有一位以孝出名的人物，是孟子的第18世孙孟宗。孟宗“哭竹生笋”的故事是古代二十四孝之一。话说这位孟宗也是父亲早亡的苦主，孤儿寡母相依为命。一年冬天，母亲得了重病，医生嘱咐需用鲜竹笋方可治愈。孟宗只身去竹林寻找，可是时值寒冬腊月，他遍地搜寻却还是一无所获。心中着急的少年在竹林中大声嚎陶，泪如雨下。正在那时，他听到脚下土地仿佛有开裂之声，发现有几棵竹笋从泥土中钻出。他把竹笋带回家给母亲煮食，果然药到病除。故事虽然过于神奇，明显是宣扬“孝感天地”的封建教化，但是其中包含的子女对父母的一片深情，无论古人今人都会为此感动的。

现在的孟郊祠隐藏在城市的高楼大厦中，毫不起眼，很少有游客特意去寻访这个古迹。不过孝敬长辈的优良传统已经融入了当地人的日常生活中，这里有春晖小学，旁边有条春晖路， 甚至当地的老年乐园外面还有一条小路就叫孝子路。天天耳濡目染这样的慈孝文化，使得社会更加和谐美好。

孟郊祠（图片来源网络）

一、Story of Meng Jiao and His “Song of the Parting Son”

Besides the famous summer resort, Mogan Mountain, there is a Meng Jiao Temple in Deqing, Huzhou. Though not looking very old-styled, as it was reconstructed in 1998, the temple has a long long history, for Meng Jiao (751-814A.D.), the statue of whom that people worship in this sanctuary, was an important figure in the field of poetry during the Tang dynasty, more than a thousand years ago. At the mention of Meng Jiao, almost every student in China will be able to recite one of his works, “You Zi Yin”, or “Song of the Parting Son” (translated into English by Xu Yuanchong).

“From the threads a mother’s hands weaves,

A gown for parting son is made.

Sown stitch by stitch before he leaves,

For fear his return be delayed.

Such kindness as young grass receives

From the warm sun can’t be repaid.”

As a poet, Meng Jiao produced more than 500 poems. And as a dutiful son, he gave the Chinese society and culture a wealth of spiritual heritage. Some historical records say that Meng Jiao was born into a literary family, his grandfather being Meng Haoran, a distinguished poet and contemporary of Wang Wei, Li Bai and Du Fu. His father died young and his mother had to raise Jiao and another two sons all alone. Jiao was quite intelligent in his childhood. He mocked at some corrupt officials with wonderful wordplay, as some local folklore says. But the brilliant candidate was unsuccessful at the imperial examinations that the government used to select officials. He was frustrated for so many times that he once went and lived in seclusion in the mountains several provinces away. Thanks to the support and encouragement from his mother, he sat the exam once again, at the age of 46, and succeeded. The happy poet wrote one of his best works in his life on this success and could not wait to return home at once to tell the good news to his mother. The middle-aged travelling son thought of his family so much after spending years far away from home and composed his most celebrated “Song of the Parting Son”. Soon after he was appointed a position in a county-leveled government in the neighboring province later, he sent people to bring his old mother to his place so that he could take care of her in person.

Meng Jiao was a descendent of Mengzi, or Mencius, the “Second Sage” after only Confucius. In the Meng’s family tree, there was another figure famous for his filial piety. This ancestor of Meng Jiao, called Meng Zong, was the 18th-generation progeny of Mencius. His story was one of “The Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety”. Meng Zong was brought up by his widowed mother and the two took care of each other very well. In a winter, the mother was seriously ill and a physician prescribed some fresh bamboo shoots for her disease. Meng Zong went to the bamboo forest to dig for the cure, only in vain, for it was the coldest time of the year. The young man cried and cried in the wild. To his amazement, he heard small crackling under his feet and found some bamboo buds coming out from the soil. He dug out the shoots and took them back. His mother ate this rare herbal medicine and recovered her health. Though too miraculous and obviously a moral preaching during the imperial reigns, this story tells us great filial love that moves everyone.

春晖小学（图片来源网络）

Meng Jiao Temple, hidden among the new high rises, is far from conspicuous for visitors to the rapidly developing city. But the social convention of respecting the parents and the old has been running in the locals’ blood. People name a primary school and a street Chunhui, or warm sun, a metaphor referring to mother’s love taken from Meng Jiao’s poem. There is a Xiaozi Road, meaning a devoted son’s road, at the gate of the old people’s home in the town. The culture of loving the aged will surely make the community a more harmonious one.

二、宁波的中秋节

中国人过中秋一般都在农历八月十五，而宁波人过中秋却要晚一天，到了八月十六才正式过节。若外地人问起来，很多老宁波人都会讲起一个关于南宋宰相的传说来。

宝奎阁古建筑

这名著名的宰相叫史浩，一生经历跌宕起伏，在宁波留下了很多足迹，他祖籍东钱湖畔绿野村，自己曾住过御赐的月湖边官邸，也就是现在的宝奎巷建筑群，死后封王，葬在横街，后来墓道移到了今天的南宋石刻公园。

史浩在政治上和文学上都颇有建树，而宁波老百姓最津津乐道的却是他的孝子之道。传说中，史浩从小就非常有孝心，一家人暂住天童街时，因为母亲喜欢礼佛，他就常常陪她去阿育王寺和天童寺上香。中年之后，史浩仕途亨通，官至宰相，但是因此常年客居临安（南宋的临时都城，即现在的杭州），无法日日亲自照顾老母亲的生活起居。既然家事国事两难全，史浩只能折中一下，每年中秋必定回家跟母亲一起过节，同时给母亲祝寿，因为史母生辰和中秋相近。

可是有一年到了中秋，史浩也同样从临安往家赶路，偏偏遇上天气突变，交通受阻，在绍兴耽搁了一天，无法于节日当天回到家中。那时没有电话这种即时通信工具，心急如焚的孝子也只能在驿站唉声叹气。而此时家中的母亲也是心中焦急，但是她相信儿子一定会回家的，因此坚持要等他回来一起庆祝节日。等到第二天，也就是八月十六，天气好转，史浩果然回来，全家喜出望外，欢欢喜喜赏月过节。附近百姓感念这位大官员的一片拳拳孝心，后来都将中秋节推迟了一天，改到了农历八月十六。

二、The Origin of the Mid-autumn Festival in Ningbo

The Mid-Autumn Festival is celebrated in most parts of China on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar, but it is held one day behind in Ningbo, on the 16th day of 8th lunar month. If asked why, most old locals in the city will tell a story about a prime minister during the South Song Dynasty (1127–1279).

史浩画像（图片来源网络）

The prime minister was called Shi Hao, who, through all life’s ups and downs, had stayed at many places of Ningbo, leaving behind many historic sites. His ancestors lived in Lüye Village by Dongqian Lake in the southeast of Ningbo. He was awarded by the emperor a mansion by the Moon Lake at the center of the city. After he died, he was posthumously granted a king’s title and buried in Hengjie town near Siming Mountain in the West of Ningbo. The stone passage to his tomb and the stone statues were later moved to what is Southern Song Dynasty Stone Park near Dongqian Lake.

Shi Hao was quite successful in terms of politics and literature, but what his fellow townsmen in Ningbo take most pleasure in talking is the way he cared for his mother. According to traditional stories, he was respectful to his parents since he was very young. When the family was lodging with a relative in Tiantong Street, he often escorted his mother to Asoka Temple and Tiantong Temple, more than two hours’ walk away. In his middle age, he was promoted to prime minister and had to stay in Lin’an, the temporary capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, now called Hangzhou. He was, then, unable to take care of his old mother by himself. Faced with the dilemma of choosing between family and service to the nation, he settled for a middle course—that is, to come back home on every mid-autumn festival and celebrate the day with his mother, for her birthday was near to the important family reunion day.

Soon it was the Moon Festival again, and Shi Hao was on his way back to Ningbo when the weather changed suddenly, making all means of traffic impossible. Shi was stranded in Shaoxing for a whole day; he could not make it back to his home on the day of the celebration. Without a phone or other instant tools of communications at that time, the troubled and helpless son could do nothing but give sighs of sadness at an inn. Meanwhile, the mother back in the home was worried, too. But she was sure of her son’s returning home in any case and insisted on waiting until he came back to celebrate together. The next day, on the 16th day of the lunar month, the clouds parted and the sun shone out. Shi Hao resumed his trip and finally made it home. The whole family was more than happy to see him and they observed the festive occasion together cheerfully. People nearby were moved by the filial piety of the top official, and decided spontaneously to delay the celebration of the Moon Festival for one day, on the 16th day of the eighth lunar month.

史氏墓道

三、忠孝两全沈云英

杭州市萧山区瓜沥镇有个长巷村，处处新房拔地而起的现代化村子里还保留了一条老街，一排老房子的正中央是村里的老年活动中心。古色古香的房子是村里的大姓——沈氏的宗祠，角落里放置着一块“云英将军讲学处”字碑，沈氏宗谱里面也记录了一位沈云英将军。

这位明末传奇巾帼英雄不仅是沈氏一族的明星祖先，还是萧山人民的骄傲。她的故事在二十四孝中被定义为“忠孝两全”，还被京剧大师程砚秋搬上国剧舞台，剧名就叫《沈云英》。另外，萧山中学的前身“萧山县立初级中学”的校歌中也提到了这位女英雄，“治学毛奇龄，讨贼沈云英，一代武德与文光”，其名字与萧山名士毛奇龄并列。

史云英夺父尸（图片来源于网络）

沈云英出生于明末，其父亲沈至绪是崇祯年间的武进士。或许是因为天生遗传，或许是因为耳濡目染，沈云英从小就像男孩儿一样喜欢舞枪弄棒，而且天资聪颖，喜爱读书，真可谓文武双全。等到沈云英成年，她父亲将她许配给四川人贾万策，也是行伍出身，还真的是门当户对，巾帼嫁给了英雄。有人还把这夫妻二人的故事编成了穿越类网文小说，《我的老婆是将军》。

沈云英“夺父尸以全其孝”的故事在各个版本的史书中流传，不过各种史书上的记载大多比较白描化，而村里的老人讲起祖辈流传下来的故事则生动许多。话说明朝末年，朝廷遥遥欲坠，内有各地起义此起彼伏，外有清兵虎视眈眈。沈至绪临危受命，远赴湖南道州镇守城关。那时，张献忠的部队越打越勇，已经攻下湖南的大部分郡县，只有沈至绪奋力顽抗，守护孤城。一次交战中，沈将军的战马受惊，扑到在地，将军也被敌军击中，战死沙场。沈云英闻得噩耗，悲愤不已，换上战袍，扎好头发，带领十几名得力助手，大喊一声，冲入敌营。对方阵营一时没有反应过来，沈云英一连杀了几十个对手，突破重围来到沈将军的尸身旁边，抱起父亲的尸体就走。这时，反应过来的对方士兵已经把她团团围住。沈云英一边呐喊，一边奋力挥舞长矛，数十个壮丁居然没有办法靠近。虽然艰难，但云英最终将父亲的尸身带回了道州城。沈云英集结剩余手下继续发起反攻，对阵的将领已经心里发怵，命令部队撤退。道州城终于没有被攻陷。当地官员听闻此事，向朝廷请愿，追封沈至绪为昭武将军，封沈云英为游击将军，并代父领兵，继续当道州城的守备。

但是，不幸还是接二连三袭来。沈云英此时听到噩耗，她的丈夫贾万策在荆州南门守城时战死沙场。云英不堪打击，向朝廷辞去军职，一心只想带父亲遗体回家乡下葬。从此，云英卸去戎装，回到故里，在长巷村教族中子弟读书写字，活到三十八岁。

“云英将军讲学处”石碑

不过，非常可惜的是，知道沈云英的故事的人越来越少，村里的这座宗祠也越来越孤寂。“云英将军讲学处”石碑虽然不会轻易磨灭，但是也不知道会不会被尘土埋没。可是，沈云英对其父至孝、对其国至忠的壮烈事迹是不朽的。

三、Shen Yunying, a Devoted Daughter and True Patriot

Among all the new three-storeyed suburban villas in the modernized Changxiang village in Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, there remains an old street lined with traditional bungalows, in the middle of which stands an archaic clan temple, now serving as a recreation center for the villagers. In the corner of the ancestral hall of the temple, there lies a stone stele, which says “The Place Where General Yunying Taught Her Students”. The name General Yunying can also be found in the pedigree of the Shen clan, the biggest in the village.

Shen Yunying was not only a brilliant star in the Shen’s family tree, but a heroine that Xiaoshan is proud of. Her story, entitled “Devoted to Her Father and Her Country”, was edited into a collection of “24 Paragons of Filial Piety” during the Qing Dynasty, and was adapted in the 1920s into a Beijing Opera play by Cheng Yanqiu, one of the most famous four Beijing opera singers at the time. Shen’s name was mentioned as one of the most outstanding example of bravery in the school anthem of the first county-leveled public middle school in the history of Xiaoshan.

Yunying was born in last years of the Ming dynasty. Her father was successful in the highest imperial examination of martial arts and became a military officer. Young girl as she was, she liked both reading and kung fu, probably thanks to hereditary factors or the family influence. When she came of age, her father married her to Jia Wance, a military officer from Sichuan. The story of the young couple has been adapted into a time-travel novel quite popular on the Internet.

There are several versions of Shen Yunying’s story in historical records, most of which are simple and brief, not as detailed and intriguing as the one handed down by word of mouth in the village. The legend goes that the Ming dynasty was on the verge of collapse when peasants revolted in many parts of the country and Manchu invaders were trying to get across the border. Shen Yunying’s father was appointed to the defense of the Daozhou, a city in Hunan province, where most cities had been captured by an armed rebellion. Shen’s father fought bravely but was killed in a combat after his horse got shocked and fell down on the ground. On hearing the news of his death, the grieved daughter put on a suit of armor and called on a dozen of soldiers to rush into the battle field in order to get back his body. The squad’s unexpected charge surprised the enemy and Yunying found her father’s body without meeting too much resistance. But after she picked up the corpse, she was soon surrounded by a troop of angry men. Letting out a howl of agony, she fought her way out back to her camp with a spear. After taking back her father’s remains, she led another charge against the rebellion army and made it retreat. The city of Daozhou was not conquered. The local official reported the good news to the emperor, and the highest ruler conferred on Shen’s father the rank of Zhaowu General and on the brave girl the rank of Youji General, or General of Partisan Warfare. Yunying was also given the right to command his father’s army and continued to defend the city.

However, misfortune came one by one. Yunying soon was told that her husband also died in the battle when he was defending the south gate of Jingzhou in Hubei province. She was defeated by the double bereavements and requested resignation from the army, determined to take her father’s remains back their hometown. From then on, she returned to civilian life in her home in Changxiang Village and made a living by teaching the young from the same clan until she died at the age of 38.

It is a shame that her story is no longer being told and even the clan hall in Changxiang village is less visited than ever. The stone stele of her teaching site, its carvings not easy to be obliterated, is likely to be covered by dust. But, Yunying’s loyalty to her father and to her country should be an immortal heritage to us all.

沈氏祠堂

四、曹娥传说

绍兴上虞传说是虞舜后人的封地，其孝道文化自然源远流长，因为这位上古时期的圣王——舜就是恪守孝道的代表。他年少时失去亲生母亲。父亲续弦之后竟然与继母合谋，伙同舜同父异母的兄弟，一而再，再而三，欲置之于死地。然而舜不计前嫌，仍然与父母亲热，还给予弟弟很多帮助。

曹娥江

上虞历史上最著名的孝道故事非曹娥莫属。曹娥据说是东汉年间人，生活在上虞舜江畔，其实连个真正的名字也没有留下，因为“娥”不过是女孩的统称而已，但是她的故事流传至今。根据各史料和曹娥碑的记载，她父亲曹盱是一位擅长弹琴唱歌的巫祝，在五月初五迎伍子胥神灵的仪式上不幸坠入舜江，不见尸首。曹娥当年才14岁，在江边日日夜夜啼哭，盼着能再次见到父亲。整整哭了17日之后，曹娥纵身跃入江中，众人想拉也拉不住。又过了五天，江面竟然浮起了曹娥的尸体，怀中赫然抱着其父的遗骸。

官府和民众为曹娥的孝心感动，为其安葬并建庙立碑，还将舜江改名为曹娥江。现在的曹娥庙位于上虞凤凰山脚下、虞舜宗祠和大舜庙附近，面临曹娥江。当地百姓说，就算遇到大水时节，曹娥江水流到这儿就不再湍急，变得悄无声息，可能是对曹娥父女心怀有愧吧。

曹娥的故事流传很广，不仅绍兴上虞有座曹娥庙，就连宁波余姚也有个地方叫小曹娥镇，镇上也有座曹娥庙，吸引很多人来参观纪念。

曹娥雕像

四、The Story of Cao E

Shangyu District in Shaoxing enjoys a long tradition of filial piety, for it is said to have been the fiefdom of the descendants of Yu Shun, or Emperor Shun (about 2294 -- 2184 BC), one of the three legendary emperors in ancient China, a perfect example of filial obedience. Almost murdered, for several times, in the conspiracies by his father, stepmother and half-brother, the forgiving tribal leader still treated his parents with affection and offered generous help to the step sibling when in need.

The most well-known story about devoted children in the history of Shangyu should be the one about Cao E, a girl without a recorded name in all historical documents, for E was a general term for maidens at that time, who lived by Shun River in Shangyu. Her father Cao Xu, a priest officiating at local folk ceremonies, was drowned at the observances, on the fifth day of the fifth moon, in memory of Wu Zixu, a folk-lore saint commemorated on the Duanwu Festival in some parts of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Cao E, the 14-year-old daughter, could not find her father back, wailing day and night by the river, wishing to see him again. She jumped into the waters on the 17th day after the tragedy, determined to find her dad’s body. People nearby tried to stop her, but in vain. Five days later, out of the currents emerged the girl’s body, with her father’s remains in her arms.

曹娥庙

The local government and people, moved by her dedication to the parent, buried them with respect. After building a temple and set up a stone tablet in her commemoration, they also changed the name of Shun River into Cao E River. Cao E Temple, near Great Shun Temple and Yu Shun Ancestral Hall, is located at the foot of Fenghuang Hill, facing the river of its namesake. It is said that the torrential river becomes much slower and quieter where the temple is, even in rainy seasons, probably because it still feels guilty about the deaths of Cao E and her father, according to some mystical explanation.

Cao E’s name has been remembered widely. Besides the temple of her namesake in Shangyu, there is another Cao E Temple in the town of Xiao Cao’e, in Yuyao, Ningbo.

浙江省社科联社科普及课题成果

课题编号：19YB36

课题名称：汉英对照浙江慈孝故事集

负责人：曹钦琦

工作单位：宁波大学