英语形容词语法知识「英语词法基础知识(四:形容词」

来源:TVB影视大全人气:64更新:2023-04-18 13:01:43

形容词(adjective),是用来修饰名词,说明事物或人的特征或性质的词,常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如:

a lovely baby一个可爱的婴儿

the beautiful picture那幅美丽的图画

1、形容词的用法

形容词在句中可用作:

(1)定语

He is a good boy.他是个好孩子。

The Chinese Communist Party is a great party.中国共产党是伟大的党。

(2)表语

The film is both moving and instructive.这部电影很感动人,而且富有教育意义。

I am very glad to see you.见到你很高兴。

(3)宾语补足语 和宾语一起构成复合宾语。如:

Have you got everything ready for the journey? 你行装都准备好了吗?

We keep our rooms clean and tidy.我们经常保持房间的整洁。

(4)相当于名词 某些形容词前用定冠词the,变成名词化的形容词,可在句中作主语、宾语等。如:

The young are active.青年人积极好动。(the young作主语)

The blind can learn to read with their fingertips. 盲人能够用指尖学习阅读书籍。(the blind作主语)

He has a keen sense of the new.他对新鲜事物有敏锐的感觉。(the new作宾语)

注1:上述三例中的the young = the young people,the blind the Blind people,the new the new things.

注2:在The sun rose red(旭日升起)中的形容词red和Don't marry young(不要早婚)中的形容词young都是主语补足语。

2、形容词在句中的位置

(1)形容词修饰名词时,一般放在名词前,如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,关系最密切者最靠近被修饰的名词。如:

a thick brown woolen scarf一条厚厚的羊毛围巾。

(2)英语中,something,anything等不定代词被形容词修饰时,形容词放在代词的后面,作后置定语。

I have something special for you.

Are there anything new ?

(3)有少数形容词,既可放在它所修饰的名词前,也可放在它所修饰的名词后。如:

He has enough time.

He has time enough

3、形容词的分类

(1)描述性形容词

表示名词的性质、颜色、大小和状态等的形容词。如:

He bought some new books. 他买了一些新书。

These books are new. 这些书是新的。

She wrote the letter with blue ink. 她用蓝墨水写了那封信。

The ink is blue. 这些墨水是蓝色的。

(2)物质类形容词

由物质名词充当或物质名词转换而成的形容词。如:

This glass dish looks very fragile. 这个玻璃盘子看起来很容易碎。

It's a glassy substance. 这是一种像玻璃一样光滑的物质。

(3)数量性形容词

不定代词之后接名词时即成为数量形容词。如:

We got there without any trouble. 我们顺利到达那里。

We'll see some friends tomorrow. 我们明天将去看一些朋友

(4)专有形容词

由专有名词转换而成的形容词如地名、国名等。如:

He is a Chinese ambassador. 他是中国的大使。

He was born in Shanghai. 他出生于上海。

(5)物主形容词

包括人称代词的所有格(形容词性物主代词)和名词的所有格。如:

My room is just above. 我的房间就在楼上。

Acquaint him with your plans. 把你的计划告诉他。

(6)指示性形容词

指示代词this,that,these,those之后接名词或one/ones,成为指示形容词。如:

This book of Joe's is very amusing. 乔的这本书非常有趣。

I dislike man of that type. 我不喜欢那一类型的人。

(7)疑问性形容词

疑问代词which,whose,what之后接名词或代词,成为疑问形容词。如:

Whose bike is it? 这是谁的自行车?

What books have you read on this subject? 你读过哪些关于这方面的书?

(8)关系形容词

关系代词which,whose,what之后接名词,成为关系形容词。如:

The men whose names were called left the room. 哪些被叫到名字的人离开了房间。

Do you give her what money you had? 你把你所有的钱都给了她吗?

(9)副词性形容词

有少数副词由于没有相应的形容词,也可以充当形容词。如:

The ball here is mine. 这儿的这个球是我的。

He caught the up train. 他赶上了上行的火车。

(10)动词性形容词

由动词转化成的形容词,即现在分词、过去分词。如:

In spring we uncover the swimming pool. 春天我们移去游泳池的覆盖物。

There is running water in the kitchen and the bathroom. 厨房和卫生间都有自来水。

4、形容词的比较级和最高级

一般情况下,形容词有三个比较等级:原级、比较级和最高级。

(1)原级

平常所见到的形容词叫原级,即形容词的原形,如:

big, small ,beautiful 等

(2)比较级

形容词的比较级用于两个人或物之间作比较。主要句型为:主语 系动词 比较级 than 其他。如:

He is taller than his brother .

(3)最高级

形容词的最高级是在两个以上的人或物之间的比较。最常用的结构是:the 最高级 名词 其他。

This tree is the tallest in the wood .

5、单音节和双音节形容词的比较级和最高级的变化规则

(1)单音节词和双音节词一般在原级的词尾加-er构成比较级,加-est构成最高级,如:

tall - taller - tallest

(2)以辅音字母 y结尾的形容词,先变y为i,再加-er构成比较级,加-est 构成最高级,如:heavy - heavier - heaviest

(3)以重读闭音节结尾的形容词,先双写后一个辅音字母,再加-er构成比较级,加-est构成最高级,如:big- bigger - biggest

(4) 以不发音的字母e结尾的形容词,加上-r,-st构成比较级、最高级,如:

large- larger- largest

6、多音节形容词和部分双音节形容词比较级和最高级的构成

在单词前面加more构成比较级,加most构成最高级,如:

beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful

注:某些单音节形容词,tired,right,glad等,加more, most构成比较级和最高级,如:

glad - more glad - most glad

7、形容词比较级和最高级变化不规则的有:

good - better - best

many-more一most

little -less -least

much-more-most

bad / ill→worse→worst

little→less→least

far→farther→farthest(表示距离)

far→further→furthest (表示程度)

old→older / elder→oldest /eldest

8、形容词比较等级的用法

(1)原级用法

★原级比较:as 形容词或副词原级 as

在否定句或疑问句中可用so.…as。

例如:He can not run so fast as you.

当as.…as中间有名词时采用以下格式:

as 形容词 a 数名词

as many/much 名词

如:This is as good an example as the other is.

I can carry as much paper as you can.

用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。

如:This room is twice as big as that one.

I can carry as much paper as you can..

用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。

如:This room is twice as big as that one.

Your room is the same size as mine.

★倍数表达法

A is three(four, etc) times the size (height,length etc.)of B.

如:The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(高)/这座新楼比那座旧楼大(高)三倍。

A is three(four, etc.) times as big (high,long,etc.)as B.

如:Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。

A is three (four etc.) times bigger (higher, longer etc.) than B.

如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。

用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上,两倍可以用twice或double.

(2)比较级的用法

形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较,结构形式如下:

★ A is/ arm/are 形容词比较级 than B

如:She is taller than

Tom is more athletic than Sam.

★比较级 and 比较级,表示“越来越”

例如:warmer and warmer

nicer and nicer

more and more beautiful

★ the 比较级……,the 比较级……

如:The more you read the book, the more interesting you found.

★比较级的修饰语有:much,far,even,a little,a bit,a lot 等。

如:He made fewer mistakes than I did.

He is even richer than I.

(4)最高级的用法

形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较,其结构形式为:主语 谓语(系动词) the 形容词最高级 名词 表示范围的短语或从句,比较常用在in,of 或among的结构中,形容词最高级前 the.

如:I am the best of the three.

He is the thinnest boy in my class.

9、形容词比较等级的特殊用法

(1)形容词原级表示比较级含义:

如:John is not so stupid as Mike.

John is less stupid than Mike.

John is cleverer than Mike.约翰不象迈克那么笨。

(2)用比较级表示最高级:

如:约翰是班里最高的男生。

John is taller than any other boy in the class.

John is the tallest boy in the class.

John is taller than any other boy.

(3) the more.……the more..表示越.….越…….

如:The more books you read,the wider your knowledge is.

The more food you eat,the fatter you are.

(4)more and more..表示越来…….越……

如:More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.

Our country is getting stronger and stronger.

(5)如在两者间表示最……时,要在比较级前加the,而且还用of the two,of the pair短语:

如:John is the clever of the two boys.

of the two boys,John is the clever.

2023.03.29

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